TGFB1 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: MMP-10 is upregulated by TGFb29 and expressed by at least neurons, astrocytes, and activated microglia in the CNS,21 and implicated in Alzheimer's disease.17,21 Although we could not replicate this, Liu et al.44 recently reported a negative correlation between CSF-levels of TGF-b and pain in osteoarthritis, indicating a possible role for this signaling pathway in the neuroimmune modulation at least in some nociceptive pain conditions.