Recently, IL-33 inhibition has been successfully studied in early clinical trials for patients with moderate-to-severe asthma and in former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.47, 48, 49 Immunomodulation by anti–IL-33 antibody intervention was well-tolerated and had a high efficacy in preventing disease exacerbation in both patient populations.47, 48, 49 Owing to the encouraging preclinical and epidemiologic data on IL-33 in patients with DKD, a phase 2b clinical study was designed to test the safety and efficacy of tozorakimab in these patients (Figure 5). Here, IL33 is linked to asthma.