NFKB1 and Anxiety: After being captured by IL-1Rs on neurons in the CeA, IL-33 can activate NF-κB and downregulate the expression of BDNF directly or indirectly through the MAPK signaling pathway, which further decreases the GAD expression region and GABA synthesis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), resulting in an attenuated inhibitory effect on GABAergic neuronal circuitry between the mPFC and CeA, and ultimately leading to anxiety-like behaviors related to excitatory neurotoxicity in the mice [29, 107] (Fig. 8A).