In recent years, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/ programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has become the most promising treatment for advanced BLCA, and has been called a major breakthrough in the past 30 years for BLCA treatment [3, 4]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma.