However, there have been reports that show protective roles of the macrophage-secreted cytokines in preventing pathogen invasion and proliferation, as seen during the infection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or influenza A virus (IAV)106–108 that also causes the decline of blood glucose.109,110 It would also be interesting to explore other benefits of the AMPK-PDZD8-GLS1 axis in mediating the extension of lifespan and healthspan by calorie restriction. This evidence concerns the gene PRKAA2 and infection.