TNF and infection: Considering the role of this cytokine in the macrophage infiltration and activity, in addition to the granulomatous reaction in distinct granuloma-forming infections,57 we can argue that the kinetics observed in the expression of TNF-α and eggs deposition in C57BL/6 reflects the dynamic immunological balance triggered during S. mansoni infection, however more studies are still necessary to evaluate specific pathways and cellular roles during the establishment of S. mansoni-derived immunopathogenesis.