Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/L1), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) have notably transformed the landscape of cancer therapy (Motzer et al., 2018; Hellmann et al., 2019; Larkin et al., 2019; Tawbi et al., 2022). Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.