MAPK1 and arteriosclerosis: Ginger has been shown to improve blood lipids, facilitate cholesterol excretion, reduce arteriosclerosis (AS) progression, and inhibit platelet aggregation through the activation of signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, IL-17, HIF-1, and p53, and the regulation of genes like TP53, MAPK3, MAPK1, AKT1, ESR1, and JUN, thereby mitigating hypoxia-induced cardiac muscle injury and aiding in the management of angina pectoris (Jiang et al., 2023).