CDKN2A and colon adenocarcinoma: COAD is mostly caused by accumulated genetic mutations that could be either germline (inherited) or somatic, such as non-Lynch syndromes, including the genes CDKN2A, FAP, PALB2, and TP53, or cancer syndrome, including Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis [7], and other risk factors including lifestyle, red meat, alcohol, and tobacco use.