TGFB1 and rheumatoid arthritis: On the other hand, synovial macrophages release various cytokines that participate in the symptoms of RA pathology, mainly interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which enhance inflammation through the nuclear factor kappa (NF-k) β pathway [27,28], although IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-17, IL-23, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) also participate in the physiopathogenesis [29].