PDGFD and glioblastoma: Other drugs such as chlorpromazine, echinomycin, fenofibrate, and R50922/R59949 inhibit glioblastoma growth via several mechanisms, including the blockade of dopamine signaling, interference with the HIF1α-PDGFD/PDGFRα-AKT pathway, and the induction of apoptosis [99,100,101,102].