ICIs, exemplified by monoclonal antibodies, targeting PD-1 (such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab), PD-L1 (like atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab), and CTLA-4 (such as ipilimumab), have demonstrated sustained efficacy across various tumor types [37]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.