Future studies can improve our understanding of the dual role of TLR9 and how to preferentially activate downstream anti-tumoral (i.e., ERK, NF-κB, STAT1) rather than pro-tumoral (i.e., JAK2/STAT3, MMP2,9,13) pathways, which can show clinical benefit for patients with GBM. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and glioblastoma.