They reported that sleep disorders lead to dysbiosis (reduction in alpha-diversity, modification in relative abundance), inflammatory responses (significantly increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 and significantly decreased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine as interleukin 10), and cognitive impairment. Here, TNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.