TNF and diabetes mellitus: A recent work has shown that APS could improve glucose regulation in a diabetes mice model by elevating the abundance of Muribaculum, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus, increasing the levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid, and decreasing the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) [17].