MAPK8 and Obesity: In obesity, macrophage infiltration, the activation of Toll-like receptors and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the inhibition of NF-B kinase (IKK) and protein NF-κB kinase (PKR), elevated levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines and cytokines, and reductions in NO, adiponectin, IL-10, and PGL2 (prostacyclin) cause both endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders [24].