Several studies have also demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum-EVs (L-EVs) and L. plantarum IS-10506 can effectively reverse the decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of mice, while L-EVs have shown potential in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety induced by glucocorticoids [96,97]. Here, BDNF is linked to depressive disorder.