INS and Insulin resistance: Additionally, the pleiotropic role played by the VDR in insulin resistance may comprise: (1) increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) induced by vitamin D, which increases insulin sensitivity by prompting higher quantities of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in vitamin D-deficient adipose tissue, muscle, and liver [79,80]; (2) suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, which damages beta cell function, inhibits peripheral insulin sensitivity [81], delays GLUT4 recruitment [82], and triggers insulin resistance [83].