Dysregulated insulin signaling leads to neuronal insulin resistance, characterized by reduced responsiveness to insulin stimulation, dysregulated insulin receptor substrate (IRS) phosphorylation, and impaired activation of downstream-signaling cascades such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) pathways [55,64]. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.