CGAS and atherosclerosis: For instance, the NF-κB pathway and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling network, which is essential for inflammatory responses and macrophage lipid uptake, are activated by the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which worsens the course of atherosclerosis by encouraging macrophage-mediated inflammation [49].