The localization of both CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in TSC astrocytes suggests that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling may play a role in modulating astrocyte reactivity, particularly, for example, in relation to glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and its ability to protect neurons from glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity [37,38]. Here, SLC1A2 is linked to tuberous sclerosis.