TNF and steatosis: In addition, this study showed that the antidiabetic and anti-steatosis mechanisms by which RJ acts involve at least antioxidant potential, as well as the activation of the hepatic AMPK signaling-mediated upregulation of PPARα (fatty acid oxidation) and the suppression of SREBP1/2 (de novo lipogenesis) The treatment with RJ also reduced the serum levels of liver function enzymes, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin, but significantly increased the serum levels of adiponectin.