Furthermore, the number of cells that were positive for F4/80, which is a marker of macrophages, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), which is a marker of apoptotic cells, was increased in the testes of control-aptamer (CTR-Apt)-treated DM mice (Figure 1G,H) accompanied by the increased levels of AGEs, 8-OHdG, Rage, Mcp-1, and Tnf-α gene expressions (Figure 1B–F). Here, CCL2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.