TNFSF11 and osteoporosis: Similar increases in TNFα levels have been observed in the context of osteopenia/osteoporosis, where TNFα plays various roles, including inducing RANKL expression, activating osteoclast transcription factors, inhibiting pre-osteoblast maturation and osteoblast activity, inducing osteoblast apoptosis, and inhibiting genes involved in bone formation [19].