Eventually, these oxidative stress factors become major contributors to various DM comorbidities by activating the nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, which induces increased transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) [26,27]. Here, TNF is linked to diabetes mellitus.