HAVCR1 and Abnormal renal physiology: Similarly, we investigated whether the presence of AKI influenced KIM-1 and found that patients with sepsis but no renal dysfunction (CKD and/or AKI after 48 h) had higher serum KIM-1 levels compared with non-sepsis patients without renal dysfunction (218.6 vs. 120.4 pg/mL, p < 0.019, Figure 2F) (defined as either serum creatinine increase ≥×1.5 or ≥0.3 mg/dL in the first 48 h, as established by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines for acute kidney injury, KDIGO [41]).