TLR2 and Alzheimer disease: Pretreatment with Pam3Cys and the monophosphorylated lipid A ligands TLR2 and TLR4 in a rat model of AD increased the release of TNF-α and CCL3, improved cognitive function, restored synaptic plasticity, and decreased Aβ deposits in the brains of patients treated with Aβ to the control level [154].