For instance, the expression of ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24) was found to be induced by virus infection, and, following physical interaction with TBK1 (a key kinase upstream of IRFs), it can suppress the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 [102] (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene TBK1 and viral infectious disease.