CD68 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: However, another study involving healthy controls, smokers, COPD-current smokers, and COPD-ex smokers revealed no significant changes in the population of non-polarized M0 macrophages (CD68+iNOS−CD163−) among the groups [136], but the percentage of iNOS+ M1 macrophages was decreased in the smokers and patients with COPD, while CD163+ M2 macrophages were increased in the smokers and patients with COPD compared to healthy controls.