TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Based on these results, it is likely that alcohol-mediated gut dysbiosis as shown in Aldh2-KO mice [35] may also contribute to increased intestinal barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia with elevated LPS, IL-6, and TNF-α, all of which can cause neuroinflammation [63] and brain damage in Aldh2-KO mice, at least partly through the gut–brain axis.