HMGB1 and injury: For example, they were found to protect against ventilator-induced lung injury via the nuclear factor-κB pathway [84], against hyperoxia-augmented ventilator-induced lung injury via the Src-dependent signaling pathway [85], against acute lung injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion via the suppression of high-mobility group box-1 [86], an ameliorating effect on hyperoxia-induced lung injury by reducing inflammatory cytokines [87], and to have a protective effect in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by improving nuclear factor-κB activity and the accumulation of neutrophils [88].