IL-34 has been found to be to be a novel modulator of human and exploratory IBD and upregulated or even to sustain inflammatory pathways in the gut, especially in lamina propria monocytes (LPMCs) taken from a typical colon by TNF-α and toll-like receptor ligands, but to be decreased after treatment with infliximab. The gene discussed is IL34; the disease is irritable bowel syndrome.