SMAD3 and neoplasm: TGF-β1 might promote the MSCs proliferation while hindering the osteogenic differentiation, which may be related to the Smad3-dependent swift nuclear translocation of β-catenin in MSCS [65].In particular, TGF-β1, has a multidimensional effect in promoting tumor progression, which is a tumor suppressor in its initial phases of tumor and becomes a carcinogenic factor in the terminal phases.