Of note, plasma EV TDP-43-based AUC values exceeded plasma NfL-based AUC values (plasma NfL: ALS versus HC 0.83, CI [0.77–0.88]; versus PSP 0.62, CI [0.56–0.67]; versus bvFTD 0.61, CI [055–0.66]; bvFTD versus HC 0.73, CI [0.71–0.75]; versus PSP 0.63, CI [0.61–0.71]; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons) (Fig. 3b–f (sEV), Supplementary Fig. 11b–f and Supplementary Table 3 (mEV)). The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.