Based on the findings of these studies, definitions of treatment failure now include molecular MRD relapse (increase of MRD copy numbers ≥ 1 log10 or conversion from MRD negativity to MRD positivity, confirmed in a second sample) and RT-qPCR surveillance for MRD relapse after treatment (3 monthly if bone marrow sampling) is recommended for CBF and NPM1 mutated AML [2]. The gene discussed is NPM1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.