PAPPA and lung carcinoma: For the purposes of identifying genes that are novel and therefore attractive targets to further characterize for a role in lung cancer biology, known drivers were defined as those that are present in the COSMIC as a census gene [66] and present in lung cancer (EGFR, TP53, ERBB2, MET, RBM10, TCF3, ELN), or those genes that have a confirmed functional role or evidence of therapeutic potential as evaluated in lung cancer (PAPPA, SMARCA2).