TNF and neoplasm: Caronni et al. found that transformed cells secreted high-level prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and thus promoted infiltration of IL-1β expressing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which drove inflammatory reprogramming of neighboring transformed cells, resulting in a positive feedback loop to aggravate inflammation and tumor progression.283 Another case at this point is in Hras-mutant benign cutaneous papilloma.