These alternations were evidenced by the heightened fluorescence intensity of Iba-1 (Supplementary Fig. 1c), an increase in branch number, and a decrease in branch length (Supplementary Fig. 1d) in DG region, accompanied by the manifestation of depression-like behaviors in mice (Supplementary Fig. 1e), including social avoidance, behavioral despair, and anhedonia. The gene discussed is AIF1; the disease is major depressive disorder.