In HCC, dual anti-PD-1/VEGFR-2 therapy significantly inhibited primary tumor growth by shifting the M1/M2 ratio of tumor-associated macrophages, increasing infiltration and activation of differentiation 8-positive (CD8 +) cytotoxic T cell, and reducing infiltration of T regulatory cell (Treg) and chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 2-positive monocyte in HCC tissue (Shigeta et al. 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.