αv integrins and NRP-1 are also overexpressed in the vessels and stroma of human tumours, including HCC,20,46, 47, 48 and the iRGD-induced tumour uptake has been demonstrated in mice bearing patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer,26 as well as ex vivo with human surgical tumour explants.15 This evidence concerns the gene NRP1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.