Interestingly, in contrast to the often downregulation of the inflammatory_response pathway in ECs in the microenvironment of malignant tumours,62, 63 several signatures involved in inflammation and the immune_response pathway were among the most upregulated pathways in PA ECs, including the IL2_STAT5 and TNFα_signalling_via_NFκB pathways (Figure 5D). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.