TNF and depressive symptom measurement: Additionally, stroke, diabetes, and depression, which are more prevalent among women with pregnancy loss, may promote the development of dementia through cerebrovascular lesions or structural changes, increased glucocorticoid steroid levels, inflammatory changes (e.g., increases in IL-6 and TNF), toxic effects of hyperglycaemia (e.g., oxidative stress imbalance) and hyperinsulinemia (e.g., interfering with Aβ metabolism) [31, 36–39].