TLR4 and Cognitive impairment: Evidence suggests that microglia-mediated neuronal damage and dysfunction play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of PSCI, involving neuropathological changes post-stroke and several signaling pathways implicated in cognitive deficits, such as TLR4, p25/CDK5, Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and CX3CR1 (Wang et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2023; Ge et al., 2024).