CALR and neoplasm: This progression concurrently stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, bolstering the anti-tumor immune response through diverse mechanisms (but total or membrane-exposed CALR levels are closely associated with prognosis in different cancer types, such as patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms carrying CALR mutations showing better outcomes compared to patients with wild-type CALR).