TNF receptor 2 (TNF-R2), which is involved in activating myeloid-derived suppressor cells, was identified as a plasma biomarker of VS, with IL-16 and S100B also correlating with tumor volume.33,34 However, tumor volume is not always correlated with outcomes65; as large VS that are soft can be completely resected while small adherent tumors may be difficult to remove completely. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1B and neoplasm.