Recently, several antibodies targeting cellular immune checkpoints (e.g., Programmed death 1 (PD-1)/Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4)) have been developed to promote the activation of T cells and subsequent tumour immune escape control (Shiravand et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.