TP53 and cancer: In the analysis of the frequencies of mutated genes in each pathway, the mutation rates of genes in apoptosis (p < 0.0001), cAMP signaling (p < 0.0001), mTOR signaling (p < 0.0001), homologous recombination ( p < 0.0001), p53 signaling (p < 0.0001) and MAPK signaling (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in cancer tissues than benign nodules (Figure S3B).