CHRNA5 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition to the highly associated genes discovered, our results identified those previously reported as COPD-or lung function-related genes including CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, AFAP1, SMG6, ITPK1, CYP2A6, TUT1, DTWD1, and CCDC91 in our study cohort.