NEFL and stroke disorder: Compared with participants with low BG-PVS scores (EPVS score < 2), those with high BG-PVS scores (EPVS score ≥ 2) tended to be older (high vs. low BG-PVS scores; median age; 79 vs. 75 years, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have a history of stroke (18.2% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.009), higher plasma NfL concentrations (median value: 26.1 vs. 19.8 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and impaired cognitive function (Tables 2, S2).