Gene enrichment analysis based on the differentially expressed genes among the 6 groups was carried out; notably, in the TCC group, tumour-related signalling pathways were upregulated, including the ErbB, Notch, p53, and MAPK signalling pathways, cell cycle, nucleotide excision repair, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) (Fig. 2g). Here, TP53 is linked to neoplasm.