IL-18 injection remarkably rescued the reduction in IFN-γ-expressing NK and CD8+ T cells in the colon tissue of Ncf4–/– mice treated with AOM-DSS (Supplementary Fig. 8b, c), and attenuated the epithelial dysplasia and tumorigenesis of Ncf4–/– mice treated with AOM-DSS (Supplementary Fig. 8d, e). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infectious otitis media.