Collectively, single-cell analyses revealed continual cell transformation from normal to precancerous and cancerous states42, crucial roles of IFN-γ signaling network in preventing this transformation progress, and NCF4 plays pivotal roles inhibiting this transformation by driving inflammasome-dependent activation of anti-tumor NK and CD8+ T cells during early stages of cancer development (Supplementary Fig. 8f). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.